What Is Reverse Osmosis Part - 2

 

Reverse Osmosis Functions

Reverse Osmosis works by using a high pressure pump to increase the pressure on the salt side of the RO and force the water across the semi-permeable RO membrane, leaving almost all (around 95% to 99%) of dissolved salts behind in the reject stream. The amount of pressure required depends on the salt concentration of the feed water. The more concentrated the feed water, the more pressure is required to overcome the osmotic pressure.

The desalinated water that is demineralized or deionized, is called permeate (or product) water. The water stream that carries the concentrated contaminants that did not pass through the RO membrane is called the reject (or concentrate) stream.

Ro Membrane 1

 

As the feed water enters the RO membrane under pressure (enough pressure to overcome osmotic pressure) the water molecules pass through the semi-permeable membrane and the salts and other contaminants are not allowed to pass and are discharged through the reject stream (also known as the concentrate or brine stream), which goes to drain or can be fed back into the feed water supply in some circumstances to be recycled through the RO system to save water. The water that makes it through the RO membrane is called permeate or product water and usually has around 95% to 99% of the dissolved salts removed from it.

It is important to understand that an RO system employs cross filtration rather than standard filtration where the contaminants are collected within the filter media. With cross filtration, the solution passes through the filter, or crosses the filter, with two outlets: the filtered water goes one way and the contaminated water goes another way. To avoid build up of contaminants, cross flow filtration allows water to sweep away contaminant build up and also allow enough turbulence to keep the membrane surface clean.

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What Is Reverse Osmosis Part - 1

 Understanding Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis, commonly referred to as RO, is a process where you demineralize or deionize water by pushing it under pressure through a semi-permeable Reverse Osmosis Membrane.

Osmosis

To understand the purpose and process of Reverse Osmosis you must first understand the naturally occurring process of Osmosis.

Osmosis is a naturally occurring phenomenon and one of the most important processes in nature. It is a process where a weaker saline solution will tend to migrate to a strong saline solution. Examples of osmosis are when plant roots absorb water from the soil and our kidneys absorb water from our blood.

Below is a diagram which shows how osmosis works. A solution that is less concentrated will have a natural tendency to migrate to a solution with a higher concentration. For example, if you had a container full of water with a low salt concentration and another container full of water with a high salt concentration and they were separated by a semi-permeable membrane, then the water with the lower salt concentration would begin to migrate towards the water container with the higher salt concentration.

Osmosis Color

A semi-permeable membrane is a membrane that will allow some atoms or molecules to pass but not others. A simple example is a screen door. It allows air molecules to pass through but not pests or anything larger than the holes in the screen door. Another example is Gore-tex clothing fabric that contains an extremely thin plastic film into which billions of small pores have been cut. The pores are big enough to let water vapor through, but small enough to prevent liquid water from passing.

Reverse Osmosis is the process of Osmosis in reverse. Whereas Osmosis occurs naturally without energy required, to reverse the process of osmosis you need to apply energy to the more saline solution. A reverse osmosis membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that allows the passage of water molecules but not the majority of dissolved salts, organics, bacteria and pyrogens. However, you need to 'push' the water through the reverse osmosis membrane by applying pressure that is greater than the naturally occurring osmotic pressure in order to desalinate (demineralize or deionize) water in the process, allowing pure water through while holding back a majority of contaminants

Below is a diagram outlining the process of Reverse Osmosis. When pressure is applied to the concentrated solution, the water molecules are forced through the semi-permeable membrane and the contaminants are not allowed through.

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 History Of the Water Filter Part - 5 [ final ]                                       

                             Summary  

Essential to human survival, water has remained a primary area of interest among civilizations throughout the course of history. From the early Egyptians and ancient Greeks to the modern and industrialized communities of today, almost all major human settlements have tended to cluster near or around natural sources of water.

 

Today, we have easily accessible and advanced filtration systems even in the most remote locations of the world. They can remove dangerous toxins and water microorganisms to guarantee safe drinking water for all.

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History Of The Water Filter Part - 4

                                 Modern Water Filtering Systems

By the onset of the 1900s, the majority of developed nations had already begun imposing minimum water quality standards. It was these regulations that gave impetus and incentives to the private sector in terms of devising new and better filtration methods. Throughout the course of the 20th century, the popularity of water filters in homes gained huge strides.

A common system used in homes is the counter top ceramic bowl filters. Later on, the designing of a higher flow cartridge was boosted by new technology. The internal systems meant that home water filtration systems could now be connected directly to the tap. Today, these inline water filters are not only hugely popular, cost-effective but very convenient as they can be placed under the kitchen sink.

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History of the Water Filter Part - 3

Growth Of Mainstream Water Filtering

Major advances in water filtration and treatment continued to improve into the 1800s and early 1900s. More cities were by then putting up water treatment facilities. These facilities were using diverse methods as well as chlorine and ozone in purifying water. It was because of these advances that the number of typhoid and cholera outbreaks began to decline.

 

It was in 1974 that the United States of America passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This milestone legislation significantly paved the way for more advances in water treatment and filtration processes. As advances in technology and competition grew, it heralded the modern water filtration methods that are still being used today.

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History of the Water Filter - 2

Advent Of Domestic Filtering Applications

It was around the 1700s when the first domestic water filters for home use were applied. They were made of charcoal, wool, and sponge. However, it was in 1804 that the first municipal water treatment plant was designed in Scotland by Robert Thom. The water treatment system was based on sand filtration.

It’s was in 1827 when John Doulton and Henry (his son) came up with the concept of the ceramic water filter that removed harmful bacteria from drinking water. Dubbed the Doulton filters, the first ones were made of clay and earth materials.

First Water Filter Patent

Joseph Amy got the first water filter patent around the mid-1700s. His design incorporated charcoal layers, wool, and sponge to help in purifying drinking water. In 1750, the first home water filters for home use became available.

In 1862 came the Doulton Manganous Carbon Filter which tapped into Louis Pasteur’s advancements in microbiology and his research into bacteria. The Manganous Carbon Filter is among the first carbon cartridge filters. In 1906, John Doulton introduced a water filter that compared favorably to the one developed by Louis Pasteur in France.

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History of the Water Filter - 1

 

Historians believe people began using some form of water filters over 4000 years ago! Water filters can be traced to the earliest human civilizations when written records began. Throughout history, people have always tried to improve the aesthetics and safety of water used for drinking and bathing.

It was in the 5th century BC that Hippocrates, the father of medicine, began conducting experiments in water purification. He is credited with inventing the practice of water sieving. He developed the first bag filter, the ‘Hippocratic sleeve’ made of cloth. The cloth would be used to trap any sediments that were causing the water to smell or taste bad.

The first records of water filtration experimentation are those of Sir Francis Bacon in 1627. Although he did not meet much success, his experiments ushered in a new interest in water filter experimentation.

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(We thanks to Jake Thompson)